Yama

The second stage, niyama (Sanskrit: “discipline”), in its ethical

China, The chariot

The light chariot, with 18 to 26 spokes per wheel, first appeared, according to the archaeological and inscriptional record, around 1200 BC. Glistening with bronze, it was initially a prestigious command car used primarily in hunting. The 16 chariot burials found at Hsiao-t'un raise the possibility of some form of Indo-European contact with China, and there is little doubt that the

Abelson, Philip Hauge

After receiving a Ph.D. (1939) in nuclear physics from the University of California at Berkeley, Abelson worked

Arghun

Upon the death of his father, Il-Khan Abagha (reigned 1265–82), Prince Arghun was a candidate for the throne but was forced to yield to a stronger rival, his uncle Tegüder. Arghun thereafter accused Tegüder's followers of having poisoned his father, protested

Colfax, Schuyler

At the end of his term, Colfax returned to private life under a cloud but managed to make a living by delivering popular lectures.

Mauriac, Claude

A son of the novelist François Mauriac, he was able to make the acquaintance of many notable French writers at his father's house and later during his career as a journalist.

J. Walter Thompson Co.

The company grew out of one of the first advertising agencies, Carlton & Smith, established in 1864. Four years later William J. Carlton hired James Walter Thompson, age 20, as a bookkeeper. Thompson later became

Liquid

In physics, one of the three principal states of matter, intermediate between gas and crystalline solid.

Henbury Craters

Group of 13 meteorite craters in a desert area 8 mi (13 km) west-southwest of Henbury, Northern Territory, central Australia, within the Henbury Meteorite Conservation Park. The craters, recognized in 1931, lie in an area of 0.5 sq mi (1.25 sq km) and are distributed in a scattering ellipse typical of a cluster fall of meteorites. The largest crater (thought to be a coalescence of two smaller

Tiger

The tiger is thought to have originated in northern Eurasia and to have moved southward; its present range extends from the

Kneset Ha-gedola

The assembly dates from the Persian period, of which very little factual history is known. In fact, scholars argue about whether the reference to an assembly in the Book of Nehemiah (8–10) refers to

Kunlun Mountains

The northern rim of the Kunlun Mountains, skirting the Tarim Basin, served for centuries as the southerly branch of the Silk Road that, until the 16th century, connected China with Central and West Asia. Wool and salt were the main products brought down from the heights of the Kunluns to the oases on the edge of the Takla Makan Desert. Small regional Buddhist monasteries

Gainza Paz, Alberto

Gainza Paz received a law degree from the National University at Buenos Aires in 1921 and joined the staff of La Prensa under the direction of his uncle, Ezequiel P. Paz, whom he succeeded

Schuyler, James

Schuyler was educated at Bethany (West Virginia)

Goetz, Walter

German-born British illustrator and cartoonist whose amusing perspectives on the English and on Anglo-French relations delighted the public in the Daily Express cartoon strips "Colonel Up and Mr. Down" and "Dab and Flounder," 1934-54, and in Pierre Danino's "Major Thompson" books, 1954-57 (b. Nov. 24, 1911--d. Sept. 13, 1995).

Epidaurus

In ancient Greece, important commercial centre on the eastern coast of the Argolid in the northeastern Peloponnese; it is famed for its 4th-century-BC temple of Asclepius, the god of healing. Excavations of the sacred precinct reveal that it contained temples to Asclepius and Artemis, a theatre, stadium, gymnasiums, baths, a tholos, a hospital, and an abaton, an area where

Adam, Robert

Biographies include John Fleming, Robert Adam and His Circle, in Edinburgh & Rome (1962), based on original letters; and Doreen Yarwood, Robert Adam (1970), concentrating on the man rather than the artist. Well-illustrated surveys of his work in different genres include Arthur T. Bolton, The Architecture of Robert & James Adam, 1785–1794, 2 vol. (1922, reprinted 1984); Eileen Harris, The Furniture of Robert Adam (1963, reprinted 1973); Damie Stillman, The Decorative Work of Robert Adam (1966, reprinted 1973), with original drawings; and Joseph Rykwert and Anne Rykwert, Robert and James Adam: The Men and the Style (1985).

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, The Greeks

Hellenic tradition after Homer stands in sharp contrast to this concentration on the fulfilling of a divine plan. The analytic, essentially scientific histories of Herodotus and Thucydides precluded much confident belief in visionary providence. The Greeks rather believed history to be structured in cycles, as distinct from the more purposive linearity

Byzantine Empire, The crisis of midcentury

At last the menace of simultaneous war on two fronts threatened Justinian's plans. During the 550s, his armies were to prove equal to the challenge, but a major disaster prevented them from so doing between 541 and about 548. The disaster was the bubonic plague of 541–543, the first of those shocks, or traumas, mentioned earlier, that would eventually transform East Rome into the medieval

Astley, Thea

Astley graduated from the University of Queensland in 1947 and taught English in Queensland (1944–48) and New South Wales (1948–67) and at Macquarie University in Sydney (1968–80). Drawing

Sexual Behaviour, Human, Sexual problems

Physiological problems of a specifically sexual nature are rather few. Only a small minority of

Aeschylus

First of classical Athens' great tragic dramatists, who raised that emerging art to great heights of poetry and theatrical power.

Simenon, Georges

Simenon began working on a local newspaper at age 16, and at 19 he went to Paris determined to be a successful writer. Typing some 80 pages each day, he wrote, between 1923 and 1933, more than

Condor Legion

German  Legion Condor,   a unit of the German air force, or Luftwaffe, detailed by Hermann Göring for special duty with General Francisco Franco's Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). It was sent to Franco on the condition that it stay under German command. The Legion consisted of four bomber squadrons (of 12 bombers each) and four fighter squadrons and was backed by antiaircraft and antitank

Niven, David

Born to a longtime military family, Niven attended Sandhurst Military Academy. He made his way to Hollywood in the mid-1930s and began performing as an extra. His first major roles were in Dawn Patrol (1938) and Wuthering Heights (1939). He rapidly became known

Uganda, Martyrs Of

The first Roman Catholic missions to Bantu-speaking Africa were established

Adam, Robert

Robert was the second son of William Adam, the foremost Scottish architect of his time. William, who as master mason to the Board of Ordnance in North Britain supervised the design of military buildings, also designed numerous country houses in a conservative Palladian style—the modified classic Roman style that was originally developed by the 16th-century architect